Main article: ECMAScript § 6th Edition - ECMAScript 2015 A unique aspect not in the proposal, but added to TypeScript, is optional static typing (also known as gradual typing) that enables static language analysis to facilitate tooling and IDE support.
In this sense, the class feature of TypeScript was a preview of what to expect from ECMAScript 2015. That led to a JavaScript compiler with a set of syntactical language extensions, a superset based on the proposal, that transforms the extensions into regular JavaScript. Knowing that the current ECMAScript standard proposal promised future support for class-based programming, TypeScript was based on that proposal. TypeScript developers sought a solution that would not break compatibility with the standard and its cross-platform support.
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Challenges with dealing with complex JavaScript code led to demand for custom tooling to ease developing of components in the language. TypeScript originated from the shortcomings of JavaScript for the development of large-scale applications both at Microsoft and among their external customers. TypeScript 5.0 was released on 16 March 2023 and included support for decorators. While 4.0 did not introduce any breaking changes, it added language features such as Custom JSX Factories and Variadic Tuple Types. TypeScript 4.0 was released on 20 August 2020. TypeScript 3.0 was released on 30 July 2018, bringing many language additions like tuples in rest parameters and spread expressions, rest parameters with tuple types, generic rest parameters and so on. On 22 September 2016, TypeScript 2.0 was released, introducing several features, including the ability for programmers to optionally enforce null safety, sometimes referred to as the billion-dollar mistake. Simultaneously, the source code, which was initially hosted on CodePlex, was moved to GitHub. Further improvement were made in July 2014, when the development team announced a new TypeScript compiler, asserted to have a five-fold performance increase.
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Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 provides built-in support for TypeScript. TypeScript 1.0 was released at Microsoft's Build developer conference in 2014. TypeScript 0.9, released in 2013, added support for generics. As of April 2021 there is support in other IDEs and text editors, including Emacs, Vim, WebStorm, Atom and Microsoft's own Visual Studio Code. Soon after the initial public release, Miguel de Icaza praised the language itself, but criticized the lack of mature IDE support apart from Microsoft Visual Studio, which was not available on Linux and OS X at that time. TypeScript was released to the public in October 2012, with version 0.8, after two years of internal development at Microsoft. Anders Hejlsberg, lead architect of C# and creator of Delphi and Turbo Pascal, has worked on the development of TypeScript.
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It is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. The TypeScript compiler is itself written in TypeScript and compiled to JavaScript. TypeScript headers for the Node.js library modules are also available, allowing development of Node.js programs within TypeScript. There are third-party header files for popular libraries such as jQuery, MongoDB, and D3.js. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities. TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries, much like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. The default TypeScript Compiler can be used, or the Babel compiler can be invoked to convert TypeScript to JavaScript. Multiple options are available for transpilation. TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side and server-side execution (as with Node.js or Deno). Because TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript, all JavaScript programs are syntactically valid TypeScript, but they can fail to type-check for safety reasons. It is designed for the development of large applications and transpiles to JavaScript.
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TypeScript is a free and open-source high-level programming language developed by Microsoft that adds static typing with optional type annotations to JavaScript.
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